1.
Advantage and disadvantage
of multiprocessing?
Ans: Multiprocessing is the use of two or more
central processing units (CPUs) within a single computer system. The term also
refers to the ability of a system to support more than one processor and/or the
ability to allocate tasks between them.[1] There are many variations on this
basic theme, and the definition of multiprocessing can vary with context,
mostly as a function of how CPUs are defined.
Advantage:
1.increase throughput
2.Economy of scale
3. Increased reliability
Disadvantage:
1) If one processor fails then it will affect in the speed
2) multiprocessor systems are expensive
Advantage:
1.increase throughput
2.Economy of scale
3. Increased reliability
Disadvantage:
1) If one processor fails then it will affect in the speed
2) multiprocessor systems are expensive
3) complex OS is
required
4) large main memory
requried.
4. Command line vs. GUI.
Answers
Users not familiar with a command
line interface (CLI) or a graphic user interface (GUI)
may want to know the advantages and disadvantages of each interface to help
determine what interface is the best for them to use and why. Below is a table
to help illustrate the major advantages and disadvantages of each of the
interfaces.
Topic
|
Command line (CLI)
|
GUI
|
Ease
|
Because of the memorization and
familiarity needed to operate a command line interface, new users have a
difficult time navigating and operating a command line interface.
|
Although new users may have a
difficult time learning to use the mouse and all GUI features, most users
pick up this interface much easier when compared to a command line interface.
|
Control
|
Users have much more control of
their file system and operating system in a command line interface. For
example, users can copy a specific file from one location to another with a
one-line command.
|
Although a GUI offers plenty of
control of a file system and operating system, the more advanced tasks may
still need a command line.
|
Multitasking
|
Although many command line
environments are capable of multitasking, they do not offer the same ease and
ability to view multiple things at once on one screen.
|
GUI users have windows that enable
a user to view, control, and manipulate multiple things at once and is much
faster to navigate when compared with a command line.
|
Speed
|
Command line users only need to
use their keyboards to navigate a command line interface and often only need
to execute a few lines to perform a task.
|
A GUI may be easier to use because
of the mouse. However, using a mouse and keyboard to navigate and control
your operating system for many things is going to be much slower than someone
who is working in a command line.
|
Resources
|
A computer that is only using the
command line takes a lot less of the computers system resources than a GUI.
|
A GUI requires more system
resources because of each of the elements that need to be loaded such as
icons, fonts, etc. In addition, video drivers, mouse drivers, and other drivers that
need to be loaded will also take additional resources.
|
Scripting
|
A command line interface enables a
user to script a sequence of commands to perform a task or execute a program.
|
Although A GUI enables a user to
create shortcuts, tasks, or other similar actions, it doesn't even come close
in comparison to what is available through a command line.
|
Remote
access
|
When accessing another computer or
networking device over a network, a user will only be able to manipulate the
device or its files using a command line interface.
|
Although remote graphical access
is possible. Not all computers and especially not all network equipment will
have this ability.
|
Diverse
|
After you've learned how to
navigate and use a command line, it's not going to change as much as a new
GUI. Although new commands may be introduced, the original commands always
remain the same.
|
Each GUI has a different design
and structure of how to perform different tasks. Even different versions of
the same GUI, such as Windows, can have hundreds of different changes between
each version.
|
Strain
|
The command line allows the user
to keep their hands on the keyboard and rarely have to move from the keyboard
to the mouse. Moving back and forth between a keyboard and mouse can cause
additional strain and may help contribute to Carpal Tunnel.
|
Although shortcut keys can
be learned to help reduce the amount of times you have move from the keyboard
to the mouse, you will still be moving much more between the keyboard and
mouse with a GUI.
|
Although it appears that a command line wins this comparison, it is not meant to be a suggestion to stop using a GUI such as Windows and only use a command line. It is more beneficial for a computer user to learn and understand both a GUI and CLI and know the strengths and weaknesses of each interface.
Linked
Allocation
Advantages
• No
external fragmentation
• Files
can be easily grown, with no limit
Disadvantages
•
Cannot calculate random addresses w/o reading previous blocks
•
Sequential bandwidth may not be good
–Try
to allocate blocks of file contiguously for best performance
Indexed
Allocation
Advantages
• No external fragmentation
• Files can be easily grown, with no limit
• Supports random access
Disadvantages
• Large overhead for meta-data:
–Wastes space for unneeded pointers (most
files are small!)
